Phytonutrients improve health through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiallergic, chemoprotective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic and/or hypotensive properties. Findings show that color-associated FV variety may confer additional benefits to population health beyond total FV intake.įV contain an abundance of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds known as phytonutrients. Health outcomes associated with multiple color pigments were body weight, lipid profile, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, mortality, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Unique health effects were identified: n = 6 red, n = 10 orange, n = 3 yellow, n = 6 pale yellow, n = 3 white, n = 8 purple/blue and n = 1 green. A total of 42% of health outcomes were improved by color-associated pigments (91% GRADE rating very low to low). A total of 86 studies were included, 449 meta-analyzed health outcomes, and data from over 37 million participants were identified. Risk of bias was assessed using the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine critical appraisal tools. Meta-analyzed outcomes were evaluated for certainty via the GRADE system. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL was conducted on 20 October 2021, without date limits. This umbrella review synthesized the evidence on the health effects of a variety of color-associated bioactive pigments found in FV (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains and chlorophylls), compared to placebo or low intakes. However, the literature has only focused on individual color pigments or individual health outcomes. Health promotion campaigns have advocated for individuals to ‘eat a rainbow’ of fruits and vegetables (FV).
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